Fire fighting system

The fire protection system is always an essential part of any building. With its ability to detect fires in their early stages, this system helps minimize damage to both people and property

Installing a reliable fire protection system contributes to overall safety, sustainability, and the stable operation of production and business activities. So, what does a complete system include? How is it installed, and what are the costs involved? Find out all the useful information in the article below

Overview of fire protection system

A fire protection system is a collection of fire safety equipment designed to detect, extinguish, or control fires in order to minimize loss of life and property damage.

The main objectives of the system

• Early fire detection: Using sensors to identify early signs of fire such as smoke, rising temperatures, or visible flames.
• Timely warning: Alerting people in the area about fire hazards through alarms, signal lights, or messages..
• Extinguishing or controlling the fire: Using appropriate fire suppression agents (water, foam, gas, powder) to completely extinguish the fire or limit its spread until professional firefighting teams arrive.

Basic structure of a fire protection system

The Fire Protection and Firefighting (PCCC) system is typically composed of three main systems that work closely together to ensure maximum safety in the event of a fire:

Fire alarm system

The fire alarm system acts as the ‘eyes’ and ‘ears’ of the fire protection system, with the main function of detecting early signs of fire and providing timely alerts to people in the hazardous area, as well as to the emergency response teams

The main components of the fire alarm system include:

–Fire alarm control panel: The brain of the system, receiving signals from input devices, processing them, and issuing warning signals or controlling other devices.

– Input devices (Detectors): Sensors installed at various locations to detect signs of a fire, such as:

• Smoke detector: Detects the presence of smoke.
  Heat detector:** Detects abnormal temperature increases.
• Flame detector:** Detects visible flames.
• Manual call point (Emergency fire alarm button):** Allows a person who detects a fire to manually trigger the alarm.

–Output devices (Notification devices): Emit warning signals when a fire is detected

• Fire bell: Emits an audible warning sound.
• Fire light:** Emits a warning light.
• Indicator panel:** Displays information about the fire location.
  Voice evacuation system:** Announces evacuation instructions

Fire extinguishing system

This is the primary ‘weapon’ used to extinguish or control fires, prevent their spread, and minimize damage

Common types of fire suppression systems include:

– Water-based fire suppression system

• Automatic sprinkler system: Automatically sprays water when a temperature rise is detected.
• Fire hose reel system: Allows users to manually extinguish fires using a hose nozzle

–Foam fire suppression system: Uses foam to blanket and extinguish fires involving flammable liquids.

–Gas fire suppression system: Uses inert or chemical gases to extinguish fires in areas with sensitive electronic equipment.

–Dry chemical fire suppression system: Effective against various types of fires.

–Water mist fire suppression system: Produces ultra-fine water droplets to absorb heat and cool the fire.

– Portable fire extinguisher: A mobile firefighting device that allows users to operate it directly.

Firefighting support system

The firefighting support system includes equipment and solutions designed to facilitate firefighting efforts and ensure safety for both the victims and the emergency responders

The main components of the firefighting support system include:

–Emergency lighting system: Ensures adequate lighting for movement and evacuation when the main power supply is cut off.

–Smoke extraction ventilation system: Removes smoke and toxic gases from the building, helping to improve visibility and reduce the risk of smoke inhalation.

–Emergency escape ladder system: Provides a safe evacuation route when the usual pathways are blocked.

–Fire-resistant doors and fire barriers: Prevent the spread of fire and smoke between different areas.

–Emergency communication system: Allows communication between people inside the building and the firefighting teams.

–Outdoor fire hydrant system: Provides a water source for fire trucks.

Detailed classification of fire suppression systems

The following are the factors that help classify fire suppression systems:

Classification based on the operating mechanism

Automatic fire suppression system

It is automatically activated when fire detectors (heat, smoke, flame) detect a fire and send signals to the control panel, activating the system (e.g., sprinklers, gas system).

Semi-automatic fire suppression system

Requires human intervention to activate after receiving a fire alarm signal. For example, a gas fire suppression system may require pressing an activation button after the fire alarm system detects the fire, with a delay to allow evacuation.

Completely dependent on human action to operate. For example, a portable fire extinguisher or a wall-mounted fire hose system. The person detecting the fire must retrieve the fire extinguisher or open the hose valve and use it to extinguish the fire.

Classification based on the fire suppression agent

Water-based fire suppression system

• Sprinkler system: Automatically sprays water through nozzles when the activation temperature is reached.
• Water mist system: Sprays water in the form of fine mist, enhancing cooling and fire suppression effectiveness.
• Fire Hydrant System: Provides a high-pressure water supply through hydrants installed throughout the building.
• Deluge fire suppression system: Similar to the sprinkler system, but all nozzles are open, spraying water simultaneously over a large area.

Foam fire suppression system

• Low-pressure foam system: Typically used in areas containing flammable liquids, aircraft hangars, and chemical storage warehouses.
• High-pressure foam system: Less common, typically used in specialised applications.
• AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam) foam system: Creates a water film layer on the surface of flammable liquids, enhancing suppression effectiveness.
• Protein-based foam system: Creates a thicker, more durable foam layer, suitable for large and prolonged fires.

Gas fire suppression system

• CO2 gas: Highly effective in extinguishing Class B and C fires, but poses a risk of asphyxiation for people
• FM-200 (HFC-227ea) gas: Safer for people and does not harm the ozone layer.
• Novec 1230 gas: Similar to FM-200, environmentally friendly.
• Inert gases: Use natural inert gases, safe and environmentally friendly.

Dry chemical fire suppression system

• ABC powder: Effective against various types of fires.
• BC powder: Used for liquid and electrical fires.
• Aerosol-based system: Uses fine solid or liquid particles dispersed in the air to extinguish fires.

Classification based on the protected area

• Local fire suppression system: Protects a specific area or equipment. For example, a fire suppression system for electrical panels or CNC machines.
• Total flooding fire suppression system: Protects an entire enclosed space. For example, a gas fire suppression system for a server room.

Details of each common type of fire suppression system

There are many common types of fire suppression systems, each with its own advantages and disadvantages, suitable for different types of fires and environments. Below are some of the most common systems:

Water-based fire suppression system

• Sprinkler system: This is the most common automatic system, using water nozzles that are activated when the temperature rises. It is cost-effective, easy to install, and maintain. However, it may cause damage to electronic equipment and sensitive assets due to water exposure.
• Wall-mounted fire suppression system: This system uses water nozzles mounted on the walls, commonly used in high-rise buildings and industrial areas. Its disadvantage is that it requires an operator and may cause damage to electronic equipment sensitive to water.
• Deluge system: A wide-area water spraying system, typically used in high-risk fire and explosion areas. This system helps extinguish fires quickly and effectively. However, it consumes a large amount of water, which may cause damage to water-sensitive equipment.
• Mist system: A water mist spraying system that helps minimise water damage. This system reduces water-related damage, but it comes at a higher cost compared to other water-based fire suppression systems..

Gas Fire Suppression System

• CO2 Fire Suppression System: Uses CO2 gas to extinguish fires by reducing the oxygen concentration. It does not cause damage to electronic equipment and is highly effective in enclosed spaces. However, it can be hazardous to people in the fire area due to the risk of asphyxiation.”
• FM-200 Fire Suppression System: Uses FM-200 gas to extinguish fires, which is safe for both people and equipment. However, the cost of this system is quite high.

• Novec 1230 Fire Suppression System: This system uses Novec 1230 fire extinguishing agent. It is environmentally friendly, safe for both people and equipment, and highly effective. However, the system’s cost is quite high.
• Aerosol Fire Suppression System: This system uses aerosol particles to extinguish fires, making it suitable for enclosed spaces and electronic equipment. It is more cost-effective and easier to install, but it can be toxic to people.

Foam Fire Suppression System

• Foam Fire Suppression System: This system uses Foam to extinguish fires by isolating oxygen and cooling the fire. It is highly effective for flammable liquid fires, reducing the risk of re-ignition. However, one drawback is that it requires cleaning after use.

Dry Chemical Fire Suppression System

• Dry Chemical Fire Extinguisher: This type of extinguisher uses dry chemical powder to put out fires. It is easy to use and effective against a wide range of fire types. However, the powder can cause damage to electronic equipment, and thorough cleaning is required after use.

New technology and trends in fire protection systems

Fire protection technology (PCCC) is rapidly developing, with many improvements and emerging trends aimed at enhancing the efficiency and reliability of systems. Below are some of the new technologies and important trends in the field of fire protection

Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart Sensors

• IoT sensors can continuously monitor parameters such as temperature, smoke, and gas, sending immediate alerts when abnormalities are detected.
• Data from sensors can be analysed to predict fire risks and optimise fire protection system operations.
• These systems allow for flexible and easy installation, especially in older or complex buildings.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning

• AI can analyse images and videos to detect fires in their early stages, even when there is no visible smoke.
• AI can automatically activate fire suppression systems and notify firefighters when a fire is detected.
• AI can assess fire risks based on historical data and environmental factors, helping to develop effective preventive measures.

Clean gas fire extinguishing system

• Novec 1230 and FM-200 Gases: These are environmentally friendly fire extinguishing agents that are harmless to humans and electronic equipment.
• Aerosol fire extinguishing system: This system uses aerosol particles to extinguish fires, suitable for places with enclosed spaces and electronic equipment.

Advanced fire retardant materials

• Fire-resistant glass: These types of glass are highly heat-resistant and prevent the spread of fire.
• Fire-resistant building materials: These materials help enhance the fire resistance of a building and minimize damage from fire.

Development trends

• Integrate fire protection systems with smart building management systems.
• Develop automatic and self-learning fire protection systems.
• Increase the use of environmentally friendly materials and technologies.
• Develop new fire protection standards and regulations to ensure the safety of people and property.

How to choose the right fire suppression system

Fire risk assessment

Determine the type of fire that may occur in the area to be protected. Fires can be divided into the following groups:

• Group A: Fires of solid materials (wood, fabric, paper, etc.).
• Group B: Fires of flammable liquids (oil, gasoline, chemicals, etc.).
• Group C: Fires of gases (gas, methane, etc.).
• Group D: Fires of flammable metals (magnesium, sodium, etc.).
• Group E: Fires of electrical equipment.

Type of construction and purpose of use

• Residential buildings: Residential buildings, apartments, need fire alarm and fire fighting systems such as sprinklers, fire hoses, fire extinguishers, along with safe exits.
• Industrial buildings: Factories and workshops may require automatic fire suppression systems.
• Data centres or computer rooms: These areas require systems that leave no residue, such as Novec 1230 gas or FM-200, to avoid damage to electronic equipment.
• Chemical Fire Hazard Areas: These areas typically require foam, chemical powder, or CO2 fire suppression systems to extinguish flammable liquid fires.

Select fire suppression system based on combustible material

• Water (Sprinkler): Sprinkler systems are commonly used for fires involving solid materials such as wood, paper, and fabric
• Fire extinguishing powder (ABC, BC powder): Suitable for various types of fires (solids, liquids, gases) and particularly effective in factories and storage facilities..
• CO2 gas: Commonly used in areas where water cannot be used, such as computer rooms and electronic equipment storage areas.
• Novec 1230/FM-200 gas: These are ‘clean’ fire suppression systems that leave no residue, suitable for computer rooms, control rooms, and areas with sensitive electronic equipment..

The size and area of the space to be protected.

• Large areas (warehouses, factories): It is recommended to use automatic fire suppression systems such as sprinklers or automatic powder-based systems.
• Small or limited-space areas (computer rooms, offices, or residential spaces): Fire extinguishers, fire hoses, or basic fire alarm systems are usually sufficient..

Technology and automation features.

• Automatic fire suppression systems: If a building requires immediate intervention without staff being present, automatic systems such as sprinklers or CO2 and FM-200 gas systems are ideal choices.
• Fire detection and activation systems: It is essential to ensure that the fire alarm system (smoke detectors, heat sensors) is integrated with the automatic fire suppression system to activate it immediately in case of an incident.

Water and power supply.

• Water supply: Ensure that the fire suppression system has a stable and sufficient water source to operate the equipment.
• Backup power supply: A stable power source is required for operation. Therefore, a backup power supply, such as a generator or batteries, should be in place to ensure the system operates in case of a power outage.

Budget and installation costs.

• Installation costs: Automatic fire suppression systems such as sprinklers, Novec 1230, and FM-200 gas systems have higher installation costs. However, they can provide long-term effectiveness and minimise damage in the event of a fire.
• Maintenance costs: Fire suppression systems need to be regularly maintained to ensure effective operation. Maintenance costs should also be considered when selecting a system.

Installation and maintenance considerations for fire suppression systems.

When installing and maintaining fire suppression systems, there are several important considerations to ensure the system operates effectively and safely. Below are the detailed considerations:

Installation Considerations

Design and planning:

• Ensure that the fire protection system design is appropriate to the size and characteristics of the building, as well as the type of activities taking place there.
• Prepare detailed plans, including installation diagrams, equipment and material lists, and construction schedules.

Equipment and material selection:

• Use equipment and materials that meet quality standards and have a clear origin.
• Make sure that firefighting equipment is suitable for the type of fire that may occur.

Construction and installation:

• Strictly comply with fire prevention and fighting regulations and technical standards.
• Install the system according to the design and instructions of the manufacturer.
• Carefully check each part of the system after installation.

Inspection and acceptance:

• Conduct inspection and acceptance of fire protection systems by competent authorities.
• Ensure that the system functions properly and meets safety requirements.

Select contractor:

• Choose a construction unit with sufficient capacity, experience, and license to operate in the field of fire prevention and fighting.

Notes on maintenance

Periodic check:

• Conduct periodic inspections of the fire protection system according to legal requirements and manufacturer recommendations.
• Inspect critical components such as fire extinguishers, sprinklers, valves, piping, and fire alarm systems.

Maintenance and repair:

• Perform regular maintenance and cleaning of the system to ensure stable operation.
• Repair or replace damaged parts promptly.

Pressure check and charging:

• Check the pressure of fire extinguishers and piping systems.
• Recharge fire extinguishers as needed.

Maintenance records:

• Keep complete records of system inspections, maintenance, and repairs.
• Maintain maintenance records for effective system monitoring and management.

Staff training:

• Ensure that staff are trained in the use and maintenance of fire suppression systems.
• Conduct regular fire drills.

Cost and investment for the fire protection system

The cost of a fire suppression system can vary greatly depending on a variety of factors. Here are some factors to consider, specifically:

Factors affecting costs

• Type of construction
• Scale of construction
• Level of fire risk
• Type of fire extinguishing system
• Quality of equipment
• Construction contractor
• Standards and regulations

Major expenses and investments

Design and consulting costs:

Hire professional consultants to survey and assess fire risks and design fire protection systems that meet your needs and regulations. This cost depends on the complexity of the project.
Equipment purchase costs, such as

• Sprinklers, fire hoses, nozzles, shut-off valves (for water systems).
• Fire extinguisher tanks, gas nozzles (for gas systems).
• Fire pumps, piping systems.
• Control cabinets, fire detectors, fire alarm centres (if any).
• Portable fire extinguishers of all kinds.

Installation and construction costs:

• Labour costs for installing piping systems, sprinklers, and control equipment.
• Costs of auxiliary materials such as pipes, wires, brackets, bolts, and screws.
• Costs of inspection and testing after installation.

Licensing and acceptance costs:

• Fees related to obtaining construction permits and acceptance of fire protection systems from competent authorities.
• Training and instruction costs:
• The cost of training employees on how to use and maintain the fire suppression system.

Periodic maintenance and repair costs:

• Cost of system inspection and maintenance as prescribed (usually annually or periodically as recommended by the manufacturer).
• Cost of replacing worn or damaged components.
• Cost of refilling extinguishing agents (e.g. extinguishers, gas systems).

Upgrade and renovation costs (if necessary):

Over time, systems may need to be upgraded or modified to meet new standards or changes in usage needs.

Above is basic but extremely useful information about fire protection systems in particular and fire protection systems in general. Hopefully, through this, everyone has a better understanding of this system. Currently, Bao Tin Steel is providing fire protection materials for fire protection systems. If you need support for these materials, please contact 0932 059 176!

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